The headlines scream of a world in flux. The rise of populist leaders, the erosion of global trade partnerships, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Gaza war and the specter of renewed great power competition all paint a picture of an international order on the verge of collapse.
But beneath the surface of these dramatic events, deeper currents flow. The French historian Fernand Braudel, with his concept of layered temporalities, offers a framework to comprehend these complexities—to put current events into perspective and to discriminate between what is being transformed in the international space and what is not.
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